UPSC Notes Global South

Definition: The term “Global South” refers to countries primarily in Africa, Latin America, Asia, and Oceania that are often characterized by lower levels of industrialization, higher levels of poverty, and socio-economic challenges compared to countries in the Global North (primarily North America, Europe, and parts of East Asia).

Historical Context:

1. Colonial Legacy:
   • Colonialism and Imperialism: Many countries in the Global South were colonies of European powers, leading to exploitation of resources and socio-economic disruption.
   • Post-Colonial Challenges: After gaining independence, these countries faced significant challenges in building stable economies and political systems.
2. Cold War Dynamics:
   • Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Many Global South countries were part of NAM, seeking to avoid alignment with either the US or Soviet bloc, focusing on mutual cooperation and development.
3. Development Theories:
   • Dependency Theory: Suggests that the economic position of the Global South is due to exploitation by and dependency on the Global North.
   • World Systems Theory: Divides the world into core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries, highlighting the structural inequalities in global trade and economics.

Key Characteristics:

1. Economic:
   • Lower GDP Per Capita: Generally lower levels of income and economic development.
   • Agricultural Economies: Reliance on agriculture and primary commodities rather than diversified industrial sectors.
   • Debt Burden: High levels of external debt, often leading to economic dependency on international financial institutions like the IMF and World Bank.
2. Social:
   • Poverty and Inequality: High rates of poverty, income inequality, and limited access to basic services such as education, healthcare, and clean water.
   • Population Growth: Rapid population growth and high fertility rates, leading to challenges in providing adequate services and infrastructure.
3. Political:
   • Governance Issues: Challenges such as corruption, political instability, and weak institutions.
   • Development Goals: Focus on achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) to improve socio-economic conditions.

Key Issues and Challenges:

1. Economic Development:
   • Trade Barriers: Facing protectionist measures and unfair trade practices that limit market access for their goods.
   • Resource Curse: Countries rich in natural resources often struggle with corruption and conflict, hindering development.
2. Social Development:
   • Healthcare: High burden of diseases, including infectious diseases and maternal/child health issues.
   • Education: Low literacy rates and limited access to quality education.
3. Environmental Challenges:
   • Climate Change: Vulnerability to climate change impacts such as extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and food security issues.
   • Sustainable Development: Balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability.
4. Political and Institutional Development:
   • Democratization: Struggles with establishing and maintaining democratic governance structures.
   • Conflict and Security: Prevalence of internal and regional conflicts, often fueled by ethnic, religious, and political tensions.

International Relations and Cooperation:

1. South-South Cooperation:
   • Trade and Investment: Increasing trade and investment between Global South countries to reduce dependency on the Global North.
   • Knowledge Sharing: Collaboration on technology, education, and best practices for development.
2. Global Initiatives:
   • United Nations: Active participation in UN bodies and forums to advocate for development goals and equitable policies.
   • BRICS and G77: Groupings like BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) and G77 provide platforms for Global South countries to coordinate and promote their interests.

Key Organizations and Movements:

1. Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): A forum of 120 developing world states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc.
2. Group of 77 (G77): A coalition of developing nations, designed to promote its members’ collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations.

Conclusion:

The Global South comprises a diverse group of countries facing unique challenges and opportunities. Addressing issues related to economic development, social progress, environmental sustainability, and political stability requires collaborative efforts both within the Global South and with the Global North. The rise of South-South cooperation and participation in international platforms are crucial for advancing the interests and development of these countries in the global arena.