Green Revolution in India UPSC Notes

The Green Revolution in India refers to a series of initiatives and technological advancements in agriculture that took place in the 1960s and 1970s. It aimed at increasing agricultural productivity and ensuring food security in the country. Here are some key points that can be included in UPSC notes on the Green Revolution in India:

1. Background:
   • The Green Revolution was a response to the food crisis in India during the mid-20th century when the country faced severe food shortages.
   • The population was growing rapidly, and traditional farming methods were unable to meet the increasing demand for food.
2. Key Features:
   • Introduction of High-Yielding Varieties (HYVs): High-yielding varieties of crops such as wheat and rice were introduced. These varieties were developed through scientific research to produce higher yields.
   • Modern Agricultural Practices: The Green Revolution promoted the use of modern agricultural techniques, including the application of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides to enhance crop yield.
   • Irrigation Facilities: The expansion of irrigation facilities, including the construction of dams and canals, played a crucial role in increasing agricultural productivity.
   • Mechanization: The adoption of modern farm machinery such as tractors and harvesters helped in improving efficiency and reducing the dependence on manual labor.
3. Key Personalities:
   • Dr. M.S. Swaminathan: Known as the “Father of the Green Revolution in India,” Dr. Swaminathan played a significant role in introducing high-yielding varieties of crops and promoting modern agricultural practices.
   • Norman Borlaug: An American scientist and Nobel laureate, Borlaug’s work in developing high-yielding wheat varieties had a substantial impact on the Green Revolution globally.
4. Impact:
   • Increase in Agricultural Production: The Green Revolution led to a substantial increase in the production of crops like wheat and rice, making India more self-sufficient in food production.
   • Improvement in Rural Economy: The increased agricultural productivity contributed to the economic development of rural areas, as farmers experienced higher incomes.
   • Food Security: The availability of surplus food helped in achieving food security, reducing the dependence on imports.
5. Challenges and Criticisms:
   • Environmental Concerns: The use of chemical inputs raised concerns about soil health, water pollution, and the long-term sustainability of farming practices.
   • Social Inequities: The benefits of the Green Revolution were not evenly distributed, leading to social disparities and challenges for small and marginal farmers.
6. Continuation and Second Green Revolution:
   • Efforts have been made to sustain the momentum of the Green Revolution, and there have been discussions about a “Second Green Revolution” focusing on crops other than wheat and rice.
7. Global Impact:
   • The success of the Green Revolution in India served as a model for similar initiatives in other developing countries facing food shortages.

In UPSC notes, it’s important to provide a comprehensive understanding of the Green Revolution, including its historical context, key features, impact, challenges, and key personalities associated with its implementation.